Bu-lat-lat (boo-lat-lat) verb: to search, probe, investigate, inquire; to unearth facts Issue No. 39 November 11 - 17, 2001 Quezon City, Philippines |
Afghanistan Set to Share Legacy of Death that Cluster-Bombing Left in Indochina BY
MATT WARREN Back to Bulatlat.com Alternative Reader Index The
use of cluster bombs in Afghanistan last month rang with the echoes of history
repeating itself. Across
the Southeast Asian country of Laos, cluster bombs dropped during the Vietnam
war are holding the country to ransom 30 years after the last lethal payload
fell from the sky. For
many aid workers, the impact of Indochina’s largely secret air war should be a
cautionary tale. Few, however, believe it will be. Initial
objections over the use of cluster bombs in Afghanistan were raised in late
October when Andrew Purkis, chief executive of the Diana, Princess of Wales
Memorial Fund, and Richard Lloyd, director of Landmine Action, voiced their
concerns over the impact the bombs would have on Afghanistan’s civilians. While
the United Nations Office for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs has
reported the weapons were dropped near civilian homes in the north-western city
of Herat, many believe the greatest threat to everyday Afghans might come from
the 5 to 10 per cent that fail to explode on impact. Coloured
bright yellow and deployed with a small parachute, the bomblets are attractive
to children. In
Laos, the issue of unexploded ordnance, or UXO, is an old one. But it is one
that fails to go away. Between 1964, when the first 36 fighter-bomber missions
were launched over the north of the country, and 1973, 580,344 sorties delivered
two million tonnes of ordnance, making Laos the most heavily bombed country per
capita on the planet. Largely
aimed at halting the flow of North Vietnamese troops and equipment into South
Vietnam along the Ho Chi Minh Trail, many of the missions dropped anti-personnel
cluster munitions. Today, millions of orange-sized BLU-26 bomblets, which came
670 to the container, litter Laos. In
a strictly agrarian economy, 80 per cent of the country’s subsistence farmers
are threatened by UXO on a daily basis. More than 12,000 have been killed or
maimed. "There
will always be a large amount of UXO after a cluster bomb strike," says Don
Macdonald, Laotian programme manager for the British-based Mines Advisory Group.
"We have seen it before in Laos and Afghanistan is unlikely to be any
different. Where cluster bombs are used, for example most recently in Kosovo,
they often become a bigger problem than mines." In
rural Laos, where the average family survives on less than $500 a year and where
47 per cent of the population is chronically malnourished, the problem of UXO
has been exacerbated by a recent increase in scrap metal prices. With
metal objects at a premium in rural areas, many villagers have taken to
exploiting the cluster bomb cases littering the landscape. Melted down in forges
across the country, this war scrap is transformed into everything from knives
and cooking pots to anvils and primitive hunting muskets. However,
with scrap dealers in the northern city of Phonsovan buying scrap for 1,000 kip
(7p) and explosives for 8,000 kip (56p) per kilo, many villagers, who otherwise
live outside the monetary economy, have been tempted to dismantle the UXO
themselves. Only recently, Vilay Sen, 54, and Thong Chan, 50, were killed in the
Xieng Khouang province when the rocket they were trying to dismantle exploded. Laos
is also a case study for how indiscriminate the weapons can be. According to an
internal Ministry of Defence report, up to 60 per cent of the 531 cluster bombs
dropped by the RAF over Kosovo missed their target. In Laos, the figure was much
higher. As a result, many schools, hospitals and farms are contaminated with
unexploded bombs. In
Sam Neua, capital of the remote north-eastern province of Houaphan, attention
was drawn to the provincial high school after a student was killed by a bomblet
while digging in the school grounds. During the subsequent clear-up by UXO LAO,
the organisation responsible for co-ordinating the nationwide clearance effort,
386 unexploded bomblets were removed from the school. In
this undeveloped country, where lack of funds, infrastructure and international
awareness meant that comprehensive clearance work could not begin until 1994,
when the Mines Advisory Group started work in Xieng Khouang province,
uncontaminated land is still at a premium. However, with a hectare of flat-land
paddy capable of producing rice for eight people, few are willing to wait until
land has been checked for ordnance. UXO
LAO now has access to some of the US mission records during the nine-year air
offensive. Initially discovered by chance by a US air force reservist, Roy
Stanley, eight years ago, the databases are being used to plot the co-ordinates
of bombing sorties and highlight the risk areas. "Sadly,
while you can pretty much map out where the individual bomblets will fall, in
theory, the reality is often far more complex," Mr Macdonald says.
"Steep contours, vegetation and flowing water can all cause unexploded
bomblets to turn up where you do not expect them. In Laos, for example, you even
get unexploded bomblets in the tops of trees that have grown up beneath
them." As in Laos, at least some of Afghanistan’s unexploded bomblets will be discovered only years later, when accidentally disturbed. Back to Bulatlat.com Alternative Reader Index We want to know what you think of this article.
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