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Bu-lat-lat (boo-lat-lat) verb: to search, probe, investigate, inquire; to unearth facts Volume 2, Number 5 March 10 - 16, 2002 Quezon City, Philippines |
by Zoltan Grossman
Back to Alternative Reader Index Since
the end of the Cold War a decade ago, the U.S. has gone to war in Iraq, Somalia,
Yugoslavia, and Afghanistan. The interventions have been promoted as
"humanitarian" deployments to stop aggression, to topple
dictatorships, or to halt terrorism. After each U.S. intervention, the attention
of supporters and critics alike has turned to speculate on which countries would
be next. But largely ignored has been what the U.S. interventions left behind. As
the Cold War ended, the U.S. was confronted with competition from two emerging
economic blocs in Europe and East Asia. Though it was considered the world's
last military superpower, the United States was facing a decline of its economic
strength relative to the European Union, and the East Asian economic bloc of
Japan, China and the Asian "Four Tigers." The U.S. faced the prospect
of being economically left out in much of the Eurasian land mass. The major U.S.
interventions since 1990 should be viewed not only reactions to "ethnic
cleansing" or Islamist militancy, but to this new geopolitical picture. Since
1990, each large-scale U.S. intervention has left behind a string of new U.S.
military bases in a region where the U.S. had never before had a foothold. The
U.S. military is inserting itself into strategic areas of the world, and
anchoring U.S. geopolitical influence in these areas, at a very critical time in
history. With the rise of the "euro bloc" and "yen bloc,"
U.S. economic power is perhaps on the wane. But in military affairs, the U.S. is
still the unquestioned superpower. It has been projecting that military
dominance into new strategic regions as a future counterweight to its economic
competitors, to create a military- backed "dollar bloc" as a wedge
geographically situated between its major competitors. Wars
for Bases. As
each intervention was being planned, planners focused on building new U.S.
military installations, or securing basing rights at foreign facilities, in
order to support the coming war. But after the war ended, the U.S. forces did
not withdraw, but stayed behind, often creating suspicion and resentment among
local populations, much as the Soviet forces faced after liberating Eastern
Europe in World War II. The new U.S. military bases were not merely built to aid
the interventions, but the interventions also conveniently afforded an
opportunity to station the bases. Indeed,
the establishment of new bases may in the long run be more critical to U.S. war
planners than the wars themselves, as well as to enemies of the U.S. The
massacre of September 11 were not directly tied to the Gulf War; Osama bin Laden
had backed the Saudi fundamentalist dictatorship against the Iraqi secular
dictatorship in the war. The attacks mainly had their roots in the U.S. decision
to leave behind bases in Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states. The permanent
stationing of new U.S. forces in and around the Balkans and Afghanistan could
easily generate a similar terrorist "blowback" years from now. This
is not to say that all U.S. wars of the past decade have been the result of some
coordinated conspiracy to make Americans the overlords of the belt between
Bosnia and Pakistan. But it is to recast the interventions as opportunistic
responses to events, which have enabled Washington to gain a foothold in the
"middle ground" between Europe to the west, Russia to the north, and
China to the east, and turn this region increasingly into an American
"sphere of influence." The series of interventions have also virtually
secured U.S. corporate control over the oil supplies for both Europe and East
Asia. It's not a conspiracy; it's just business as usual. Gulf
War. Contrary
to original U.S. promises to its Arab allies, the 1991 Gulf War left behind
large military bases in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, and basing rights in the other
Gulf states of Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates. The war also
heightened the profile of existing U.S. air bases in Turkey. The war completed
the American inheritance of the oil region from which the British had withdrawn
in the early 1970s. Yet the U.S. itself only imports about 5 percent of its oil
from the Gulf; the rest is exported mainly to Europe and Japan. French President
Jacques Chirac correctly viewed the U.S. role in the Persian Gulf as securing
control over oil sources for the European and East Asian economic powers. The
U.S. decided to permanently station bases around the Gulf after 1991 not only to
counter Saddam Hussein, and to support the continued bombing against Iraq, but
to quell potential internal dissent in the oil-rich monarchies. Somalia
War. The
intervention in Somalia in 1992-93 ended in defeat for the U.S., but it is
important to understand why the so-called "humanitarian" intervention
took place. In the 1970s-80s, the U.S. had backed Somali dictator Siad Barre in
his wars against Soviet-backed Ethiopia. In return, Barre had granted the U.S.
Navy the rights to use Somali naval ports, which were strategically situated at
the southern end of the Red Sea, linking the Suez Canal to the Indian Ocean.
After Barre was overthrown, the U.S. used the ensuing chaos and famine as its
excuse to move back in, but made the mistake of siding with one group of
warlords against the Mogadishu warlord Mohamed Aidid. In the battle of
Mogadishu, romanticized in the movie "Black Hawk Down," 18 U.S. troops
and many hundreds of Somalis were killed. The U.S. withdrew, and eventually
gained naval basing rights in the port of Aden, just across the Red Sea in
Yemen, where Bin Laden launched his attack on the USS Cole in 2000. Balkan
Wars. The
U.S. interventions in Bosnia in 1995, and Kosovo in 1999, were ostensibly
reactions to Serbian "ethnic cleansing," yet the U.S. had not
intervened to prevent similar "ethnic cleansing" by its Croatian or
Albanian allies in the Balkans. The U.S. military interventions in former
Yugoslavia resulted in new U.S. military bases in five countries: Hungary,
Albania, Bosnia, Macedonia, and the sprawling Camp Bondsteel complex in
southeastern Kosovo. NATO allies have also participated in the interventions,
though not always with the same political priorities. As in the Gulf and Afghan
conflicts, European Union allies may be joining the U.S. wars not simply out of
solidarity, but out of fear of being completely excluded from carving out the
postwar order in the region. The Kosovo intervention, in particular, was
followed by stepped-up European efforts to form an independent military force
outside of the U.S.- commanded NATO. The U.S. stationing of huge bases along the
eastern edge of the E.U., which can be used to project forces into the Middle
East, was carried out partly in anticipation of European militaries one day
going their own way. Afghan
War. The
U.S. intervention in Afghanistan was ostensibly a reaction to the September 11
attacks, and to some extent was aimed at toppling the Taliban. But Afghanistan
has historically been in an extremely strategic location straddling South Asia,
Central Asia, and the Middle East. The country also conveniently lies along a
proposed Unocal oil pipeline route from the Caspian Sea oil fields to the Indian
Ocean. The U.S. had already been situating forces in the neighboring ex-Soviet
republic of Uzbekistan before September 11. During the war, it has used its new
bases and basing rights in Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, and to
a lesser extent Tajikistan. It is using the continued instability in Afghanistan
(like in Somalia, largely a result of setting warlords against warlords) as an
excuse to station a permanent military presence throughout the region, and it
even plans to institute the dollar as the new Afghan currency. The new string of
U.S. military bases are becoming permanent outposts guarding a new Caspian Sea
oil infrastructure. Why
War? Geopolitical
priorities may help explain why Washington went to war in all these countries,
even as paths to peace remained open. President George Bush launched the
February 1991 ground war against Iraq, even though Saddam was already
withdrawing from Kuwait under Soviet disengagement plan. He also sent forces
into Somalia in 1992, even though the famine he used as a justification had
already lessened. President Clinton launched a war on Serbia in 1999 to force a
withdraw from Kosovo, even though Yugoslavia had already met many of his
withdrawal terms at the Rambouillet conference. President George W. Bush
attacked Afghanistan in 2001 without having put much diplomatic pressure on the
Taliban to surrender Bin Laden, or letting anti-Taliban forces (such as Pashtun
commander Abdul Haq) win over Taliban forces on their own. Washington went to
war not as a last resort, but because it saw war as a convenient opportunity to
further larger goals. Geopolitical
priorities may also help explain the reluctance of the U.S. to declare victory
in these wars. If the U.S. had ousted Saddam from power in 1991, his Gulf allies
would have demanded the withdrawal of U.S. bases, but his continued hold onto
power justifies intensive U.S. bombing of Iraq and a continued hold over the
Gulf oil region. The fact that Osama bin Laden and Mullah Omar have not been
captured in four months of war also provides convenient justification for the
permanent stationing of U.S. bases in Central and South Asia. All three men are
more useful to U.S. plans if they are alive and free, at least for the time
being. Wars
in the Making. Iraq
is certainly the primary target for a new U.S. war, for President Bush to
"finish the job" that his daddy left unfinished. Now that the American
sphere of influence is taking hold in the "middle ground" between
Europe and East Asia, the attention may be turned on both Iraq and its former
enemy Iran as the only remaining regional powers to stand in the way. Bush may
be under the illusion that Iraqi opposition forces can be refashioned into a
pro-U.S. force like the Northern Alliance or Kosovo Liberation Army. He may also
be under the illusion that his threats against Iran will help Iranian
"moderate" reformers, even though it is already dangerously
strengthening the hand of Islamist hard-liners. A U.S. war against either Iraq
or Iran will destroy any bridges recently built to Islamic states, especially as
Bush also abandons even the pretense of even-handedness between Israelis and
Palestinians. U.S.
war planners are also openly targeting Somalia and Yemen, and are patrolling
their shores with Navy ships, though they may decide to intervene indirectly to
avoid the disasters of Mogadishu in 1993 and Aden in 2000. Bin Laden had backed
Aidid to prevent new U.S. bases in Somalia, and his father is from the
historically rebellious Hadhramaut region of southeastern Yemen. Yet
Washington's priority would not be to eliminate Bin Laden's influence, leaving
that role mainly to local forces. Rather the priority would be to regain naval
access to strategic Somali and Yemeni ports. The
most direct U.S. intervention since the Afghan invasion has been in the southern
Philippines, against the Moro (Muslim) guerrilla militia Abu Sayyaf. The U.S.
sees the tiny Abu Sayyaf group as inspired by Bin Laden, rather than a thuggish
outgrowth of decades of Moro insurgency in Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago.
U.S. special forces "trainers" are carrying out joint
"exercises" with Philippine troops in the active combat zone. Their
goal may be to achieve an easy Grenada-style victory over the 200 rebels, for
the global propaganda effect against Bin Laden. But once in place, the
counterinsurgency campaign could easily be redirected against other Moro or even
Communist rebel groups in Mindanao. It could also help achieve the other major
U.S. goal in the Philippines: to fully reestablish U.S. military basing rights,
which ended when the Philippine Senate terminated U.S. control of Clark Air Base
and Subic Naval Base, after the Cold War ended and a volcanic eruption damaged
both bases. Such a move back into the country would be strongly resisted,
however, by both leftist and rightist Filipino nationalists. The U.S. return to the Philippines, like Bush's newest threats against North Korea, may also be an effort to assert U.S. influence in East Asia, as China rises as a global power and other Asian economies recover from financial crises. A growing U.S. military role throughout Asia could counteract increasing criticism of U.S. bases in Japan. The moves could also raise fears in China of a U.S. sphere of influence intruding on its borders. The new U.S. air base in the ex-Soviet republic of Kyrgyzstan is too close to China for comfort. (Russian fears of U.S. encirclement may also be rekindled, though Russia may instead join the U.S. in using its oil to lessen the power of OPEC. ) Meanwhile, other regions of the world are also being targeted in the U.S. "war on terror," notably South America. Just as Cold War propaganda recast leftist rebels in South Vietnam and El Salvador as puppets of North Vietnam or Cuba, U.S. "war on terror" propaganda is casting Colombian rebels as the allies of neighboring oil-rich Venezuela. The beret-clad Venezuelan President, Hugo Chavez, is described loosely as sympathetic to Bin Laden and Fidel Castro, and as possibly turning OPEC against the U.S. Chavez could serve as an ideal new enemy if Bin Laden is eliminated. The crisis in South America, though it cannot be tied to Islamic militancy, may be the most dangerous new war in the making. Common themes. Whether we look at the U.S. wars of the past decade in the Persian Gulf, Somalia, the Balkans, or Afghanistan, or at the possible new wars in Yemen, the Philippines, or Colombia/ Venezuela, or even at Bush's new "axis of evil" of Iraq, Iran, and North Korea, the same common themes arise. The U.S. military interventions cannot all be tied to the insatiable U.S. thirst for oil (or rather for oil profits), even though many of the recent wars do have their roots in oil politics. They can nearly all be tied to the U.S. desire to build or rebuild military bases. The new U.S. military bases, and increasing control over oil supplies, can in turn be tied to the historical shift taking place since the 1980s: the rise of European and East Asian blocs that have the potential to replace the United States and Soviet Union as the world's economic superpowers. Much as the Roman Empire tried to use its military power to buttress its weakening economic and political hold over its colonies, the United States is aggressively inserting itself into new regions of the world to prevent its competitors from doing the same. The goal is not to end "terror" or encourage "democracy," and Bush will not accomplish either of these claimed goals. The short-term goal is to station U.S. military forces in regions where local nationalists had evicted them. The long-term goal is to increase U.S. corporate control over the oil needed by Europe and East Asia, whether the oil is in around the Caspian or the Caribbean seas. The ultimate goal is to establish new American spheres of influence, and eliminate any obstacles-- religious militants, secular nationalists, enemy governments, or even allies- -who stand in the way. U.S. citizens may welcome the interventions to defend the "homeland" from attack, or even to build new bases or oil pipelines to preserve U.S. economic power. But as the dangers of this strategy become more apparent, Americans may begin to realize that they are being led down a risky path that will turn even more of the world against them, and lead inevitably to future September 11s. Bulatlat.com _____ Zoltan Grossman is a doctoral candidate in geography at the University of Wisconsin- Madison, and a member of the South-West Asia Information Group.
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