Commentary
Focus on the Extrajudicial
Killings in RP:
Operation Phoenix's Long Shadow
What is Operation
Phoenix? How can an almost-40-year-old counterrevolutionary program
mounted on foreign shores provide relevant insights in explaining the
current murderous spree in the Philippines?
By Joel Garduce
IBON Features
Posted by Bulatlat
Splashed all over
media, the commission appointed by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo to
look into the current spate of extrajudicial killings began its hearings
this September.
Headed by former
Supreme Court Justice Jose Melo, the body was purportedly tasked to look
into the rash of political killings of farmer activists, union leaders,
student leaders, party-list organizers, professionals, church people and
journalists that had made the Philippines look more like the killing
fields for nameless assailants who lately did their bloody fare riding on
motorcycles.
Human rights group
Karapatan (Alliance for the Advancement of People's Rights) reported that
since Arroyo exploited EDSA 2 and assumed the seat in Malacanang in 2001,
752 Filipino citizens from all across the country have been waylaid
extrajudicially. The impunity with which these killings were done have
outraged justice and peace advocates both in and out of the country,
including American bishops, members of the diplomatic community from
European countries, the Committee to Protect Journalists, and Amnesty
International.
The Melo commission's
conduct so soon after it began hearings, however, seemed to serve as the
Arroyo regime's tokenism on this matter to appease international concerns
over the human rights violations in the country. Through its own actions,
the Melo Commission has confirmed the worst fears of authentic advocates
for justice and peace: it may as well be paving the way for the
extrajudicial killings to continue unabated.
Given the failure,
this early on, of the Melo Commission to truly probe the killings, it
remains urgent for peace advocates to continue pushing for an independent,
no-holds-barred inquiry into the killings.
Among the substantive
points an independent, genuine inquiry ought to take, various political
observers have noted, way before the Arroyo-directed inquiry began, is the
apparent resemblance of the current spate of killings to a Vietnam War-era
US military operation codenamed Operation Phoenix.
What is Operation
Phoenix? How can an almost-40-year-old counterrevolutionary program
mounted on foreign shores provide relevant insights in explaining the
current murderous spree in the Philippines?
Past forward:
Phoenix
Operation Phoenix was
an infamous US covert action plan unleashed on the Vietnamese people
during the Vietnam War in the 1960s. It was devised by no less than "the
(US) President's man in Vietnam," Robert "Blowtorch" W. Komer of the US
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in 1967, shortly after being appointed
special assistant for pacification by then US President Lyndon B. Johnson
in February 1966.
Promoted by Komer's
Civil Operations and Rural Development Support (CORDS) organization,
Phoenix, Phuong Hoang in Vietnamese, evolved from the existing
Special Platoons set up in Quang Nai Province in 1965. It was originally
named the Intelligence Coordination and Exploitation Program (ICEX) when
launched in 1967, utilizing South Vietnamese as well as US CIA resources.
The intent was to
make the overall US counterrevolutionary effort in Vietnam more efficient.
All intelligence activities and covert operations in the South Vietnamese
countryside were coordinated to enable provincial security
committees—which included paramilitary Provincial Reconnaissance Units (PRUs)
helmed by CIA province officers—to identify and arrest what the US labeled
as agents of the Vietnamese communists or Viet Cong.
Among the hundreds of
Americans directly involved in Phoenix—as much as 650 officially remained
by January 1969—many were to be legendary CIA covert action operatives
who cut their teeth in the program, among them William Colby, Theodore
Shackley, Evan Parker Jr., John Mason, and John Tilton.
As ugly as it
could get
In concrete terms,
Phoenix was a terror and assassination program that was as ugly as it
could get. In the US-directed drive to quantify success against the
Vietnamese people's national liberation movement, Phoenix instituted a
macabre monthly quota system that rewarded human kills as the covert
program's prime success indicators.
Indeed, a US officer
would lament on this "mania of the body count" propelling Phoenix.
Operatives found it a "matter of expediency just to eliminate a person in
the field rather than deal with the paperwork." An "awful lot of vendettas
(were) carried out with Phoenix license" where covert operatives—which
included ex-convicts, corrupt police and military officials, and other
mercenaries attracted to the CIA money—"assassinated a lot of the wrong
damn people."
Colby, Komer's
successor in handling Phoenix who would later become CIA director, boasted
in an official 1971 US hearing that the clandestine operation had killed
more than 20,000 Vietnamese, mostly unarmed peasant civilians—and
eliminated through other means 45,000 more—from what the US establishment
conveniently called the Viet Cong Infrastructure (VCI).
What was targeted as
VCI, however, actually consisted of non-military democratic and patriotic
organizations of Vietnamese at the grassroots.
It got worse; no less
than 6,300 more would be killed and 30,000 more "neutralized" under
Phoenix after Colby's testimony. Until now, no justice remains forthcoming
for the multitude of Phoenix's Vietnamese victims.
Clearly, Phoenix's
chest-deep gore flouted international humanitarian law like the
fundamental Geneva Conventions of War. Against the backdrop of rampant
trafficking of heroin and other illegal narcotics by the US covert action
establishment, the US' use of horrific biochemical weapons as Agent
Orange, the rampant corruption of both the US and puppet South Vietnamese
governments, the illegal expansion of the Vietnam War to neighboring Laos
and Cambodia, and the severe demoralization among US soldiers that led to
widespread killings of middle-level US military officers called "fraggings",
Phoenix loomed as the centerpiece terrorist act in the desperate
US-directed criminal war of genocide against the Vietnamese people.
Foil for US gore
and mayhem to come
In the Phoenix
terror, the US saw the shape of gore and mayhem to come. In the twisted
mindset of the US military establishment, Phoenix did right and well. It
thus became the foil for future US-directed so-called counter-insurgency
schemes against national liberation movements elsewhere in Asia and Latin
America. Military operation plans supervised by the US military in its
neocolonies thereafter would systematically include as a key component
Phoenix's "non-traditional" approach of recruiting, training and
unleashing death squads to prey on impoverished unarmed civilians residing
in militarized countrysides. Thus did the spectre of Phoenix stalk the
Philippines, Argentina, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala and other
US-oppressed countries.
This infamous US
covert program may well have been the forerunner of all the so-called
counter-insurgency programs launched by the Philippine reactionary state
since the Marcos dictatorship. The various Orwellian-labeled "oplans"—from
Marcos' "Katatagan" to Macapagal-Arroyo's "Bantay-Laya"—aimed to
coordinate the state's US-directed counterrevolutionary efforts for every
administration, just like Phoenix sought to do.
As in Phoenix, all
these Philippine oplans seem to have been laid down in tight coordination
with the US military establishment, from the US-RP Mutual Defense Board
during Marcos' heyday to the US-RP Defense Policy Board and the current
US-RP Security Engagement Board, though the newly-formed security
engagement board stands on shaky legal grounds as the agreement that
formed it has not gone through the constitutionally-mandated approval of
both the US and Philippine Senates.
Phoenix imprint on
the current spate of killings
Phoenix's dark shadow
seems to cast long as well over the current spate of illegal killings. As
the US dogmatically regarded the independent democratic and patriotic
organizations of the Vietnamese at the grassroots as part of the Vietcong
infrastructure (VCI), so does Macapagal-Arroyo's Oplan Bantay Laya
generals blindly take the Phoenix tack and criminally regard the
historically unprecedented growth of democratic organizing specially at
the grassroots countryside in the country as part of the "infrastructure"
of the Communist Party of the Philippines-New People's Army-National
Democratic Front (CPP-NDF-NPA).
Arroyo's military
henchmen appear to have bared their undemocratic Phoenix indoctrination
and taken the lead in libelously labeling the leading people's
organizations in the Philippines today as mere CPP "fronts" as gleaned
from the infamous "Knowing the Enemy" AFP Powerpoint presentation and the
book "Trinity of War" written by a Macapagal-Arroyo general.
The regularity of the
extrajudicial killings of late may also well point to a Phoenix imprint: a
demented military quota system of illegal bloodletting could be underlying
this spree of gore. The masterminds and implementers of these covert
actions appear to robotically fulfill their death quotas, unmindful and
undeterred by growing democratic outrage both here and abroad.
Even the
region-by-region local setup of Phoenix may have been mimicked by the
authors of the killings. This can be gleaned by the telling case of the
August 3, 2006 assassination in Daraga, Albay province of United Methodist
Church pastor Isaias Sta. Rosa, a member of a local farmers' group
identified with the leading national peasant organization Kilusang
Magbubukid ng Pilipinas (Peasant Movement of the Philippines).
Isaias' death would
have looked so similar to the other killings. Except for one small detail.
He was found dead with another dead man bearing gunshot wounds lying
beside him.
The other dead body
turns out to be that of Cpl. Lordger Pastrana of the Philippine Army.
Isaias' wife later pointed out to him as one of his husband's abductors.
Despite her husband's armed abductors being masked, Isaias' wife was able
to identify Pastrana from his build. All these confirmed the belief of
Jonathan Isaias, the pastor activist's brother and witness to his
abduction, that Isaias' abductors were from the military, because of their
bearing, the fatigues they were wearing, the high-powered firearms they
carried and their combat boots. Two previous occasions saw men in similar
military uniform, with nameplates hidden from view, searching his
brother's house.
And where did
Pastrana come from? The abandoned military man was apparently assigned to
the Public Affairs Office of the 9th Infantry Division based in the
military's regional headquarters in Pili, Camarines Sur.
Command behind the
covert actions
While likely having
an organization spread across the regions, Oplan Bantay Laya's (OBL)
covert action command is centralized, ensconced at the heart of the
regime's power, Pres. Arroyo herself and her close partner committee, the
Cabinet Oversight Committee on Internal Security (COC-IS), whose members
are Executive Secretary and former AFP General Eduardo Ermita, National
Security Adviser Norberto Gonzales, Justice Secretary Raul Gonzales,
Defense Secretary Avelino Cruz and AFP Chief of Staff Gen. Hermogenes
Esperon who recently replaced Gen. Generoso Senga, together with the US-RP
Security Engagement Board.
As in Phoenix, Oplan
Bantay Laya's workings seem to ride roughshod over both local and
international human rights standards specially those relating to the
conduct of war. Such barbaric treatment of unarmed civilians in the hands
of government security forces flagrantly violate international legal
instruments gained from the global anti-fascist struggle during World War
II as the Geneva Conventions. More tellingly, the architects of this
Phoenix-like terror seem intent on copying Vietnam War-era bloodshed to
the point of nullifying the 1987 Constitution's superior Bill of Rights as
well as the Comprehensive Agreement on Human Rights and International
Humanitarian Law (CAHRIHL), among the best things gained for peace and
justice by the Filipino people.
Could it be that the
Phoenix-like extrajudicial killings in our country serve some ugly
politics? Similarities with Vietnam cannot be ignored, where killings may
manifest an eerie desperation on the part of the ruling regime and its
patron, the US. Such similarities demonstrate the path towards state
deception and violence that should not have a place in a 'democratic
society'. Sadly, it is doubtful that the Arroyo-appointed Melo
Commission—as seen by its concrete actions so early in its inquiry—will
give the victims of extrajudicial killings the full, authentic justice
they deserve. IBON Features
References
Beckett, Ian Frederick William, Encyclopedia of Guerilla
Warfare. New York, NY:Checkmark Books, 2001.
Corn, David, Blond Ghost: Ted Shackley and the CIA's
Crusades. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1994.
Helms, Richard, A Look Over My Shoulder: A Life in the
Central Intelligence Agency. New York: Ballantine Books, 2003.
Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri, The CIA and American Democracy. New
Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.
Marchetti, Victor and John D. Marks, The CIA and the Cult
of Intelligence. New York , NY: Dell Publishing Co., 1974.
Ranelagh, John, The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the
CIA. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1986.
"Partners in Terror", Paninindigan, September 2006.
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